Geomorphology is the branch of physical geography that studies the forms of the Earth’s surface, their origins, and their evolution. It examines the impact of processes such as erosion, tectonics, volcanism, and glaciation on landscapes. This discipline provides a better understanding of the formation of mountains, valleys, plains, and coastlines.
Relief features such as ridges, crests, watersheds, and the human-made hill notches described by Alfred Watkins, can also be considered in the study of sight lines connecting natural, archaeological, or megalithic sites. They therefore play an important role in research related to ley lines and archaeocartography.
In the 21st century, Canadian researchers Scott Onstott and Kevin McMahon, as well as American researcher Cort Lindahl, have examined geomorphology — and more specifically the shape of continental landmasses — from the perspectives of numerology and sacred geometry. They have explored spatial relationships between major mountain peaks or oceanic trenches and archaeological sites such as the pyramids of Giza, the stones of Baalbek, and Machu Picchu.